Leukemia is the most common childhood cancer, accounting for 31 percent of cancers in children younger than 15, and 25 percent of those younger than 20. Most young patients develop leukemia because of a mutation, or DNA change that occurs randomly in a blood cell only, and is not inherited from a parent. On the other hand, there are some syndromes caused by mutations in the “germline” that are present in every cell of the body that can be inherited from a parent, creating a predisposition to a variety of cancers. These cancers may include leukemia and other blood disorders.

It has been estimated that at least 10 percent of pediatric cancer patients – not just those with blood disorders – have a germline mutation in a known cancer predisposition gene. If a leukemia-predisposing syndrome is diagnosed in a parent, then in some cases it might be appropriate to consider genetic testing of a child that might lead to close surveillance to watch for any signs or symptoms of a blood abnormality.

Examples of genetic syndromes that can raise the risk of leukemia in a pediatric patient include:
Down syndrome, or trisomy 21. Children with Down syndrome have a significantly higher risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) than other children. Down syndrome has also been linked with transient myeloproliferative disorder – a leukemia-like condition within the first month of life that often resolves on its own without treatment.

Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Caused by a mutation in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, this condition creates an elevated risk of cancers in both childhood and adulthood, including several kinds of solid tumors and leukemia.
Other genetic disorders that can carry an increased risk of leukemia include neurofibromatosis 1 and Noonan syndrome, inherited bone marrow failure disorders such as Fanconi anemia and Schwachman-Diamond syndrome, and inherited immune disorders such as ataxia-telangiectasia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and Bloom syndrome.
Genetic testing in a child to detect an inherited leukemia predisposition syndrome would be considered especially when there is thought to be benefit from early detection and surveillance — which, for example, could prompt earlier intervention. In the setting of many bone marrow failure syndromes, for example, one could screen for a myelodysplastic syndrome before it evolves into AML.